Resistance risk assessment for benzovindiflupyr in Sclerotium rolfsii and transmission of resistance genes among population.

BACKGROUND: Sclerotium rolfsii is a destructive soil-borne fungal pathogen which is distributed worldwide. In previous study, the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide benzovindiflupyr has been identified for its great antifungal activity against Sclerotium rolfsii. This study is aimed to investigate the resistance risk and mechanism of benzovindiflupyr in Sclerotium rolfsii. RESULTS: Eight stable benzovindiflupyr-resistant isolates were generated by fungicide adaptation. Although the obtained eight resistant isolates have a stronger pathogenicity than the parental sensitive isolate, they have a fitness penalty in the mycelial growth and sclerotia formation compared to the parental isolate. A positive cross-resistance existed in the resistant isolates between benzovindiflupyr and thifluzamide, carboxin, boscalid and isopyrazam. Three-point mutations, including SdhBN180D, SdhCQ68E and SdhDH103Y, were identified in the benzovindiflupyr-resistant isolates. However, molecular docking analysis indicated that only SdhDH103Y could influence the sensitivity of Sclerotium rolfsii to benzovindiflupyr. After mycelial co-incubation of resistant isolates and the sensitive isolate, resistance genes may be transmitted to the sensitive isolate. The in vivo efficacy of benzovindiflupyr and thifluzamide against benzovindiflupyr-resistant isolates was a little lower than that against the sensitive isolate but with no significant difference. CONCLUSION: The results suggested a low to medium resistance risk of Sclerotium rolfsii to benzovindiflupyr. However, once resistance occurs, it is possible to spread in the population of Sclerotium rolfsii. This study is helpful to understanding the risk and mechanism of resistance to benzovindiflupyr in multinucleate pathogens such as Sclerotium rolfsii. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Bioactivity and Control Efficacy of Benzovindiflupyr Against Athelia rolfsii in China.

Athelia rolfsii is a devastating soilborne pathogen that causes stem rot of peanut and severely restricts peanut production. The new generation of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide benzovindiflupyr has been registered in the United States and Brazil for managing multiple plant diseases. However, it is not registered in China to control peanut stem rot. In this study, 246 isolates from major peanut production areas in Shandong, Henan, and Hebei Provinces of China were used to determine the baseline sensitivity of A. rolfsii to benzovindiflupyr. The frequency of EC50 values of benzovindiflupyr was unimodally distributed with an average EC50 of 0.12 ± 0.05 mg/liter and a range of 0.01 to 0.57 mg/liter. Benzovindiflupyr can also strongly inhibit the germination of sclerotia, with an average EC50 of 2.38 ± 1.04 mg/liter (n = 23). In addition, benzovindiflupyr exhibited great in vivo efficacy against A. rolfsii; the protective or curative efficacy (89.87%, 20.39%) of benzovindiflupyr at a concentration of 50 mg/liter was equivalent to that of the control fungicide thifluzamide at 100 mg/liter (86.39%, 16.21%). At the same concentration (e.g., 100 mg/liter), the protective efficacy (93.99%) of benzovindiflupyr was more than twice as high as the curative efficacy (45.07%). A positive correlation existed between benzovindiflupyr and isopyrazam or mefentrifluconazole, which possibly resulted from similar chemical structures or damage to the cell membrane. Our findings provide valuable information for the application of benzovindiflupyr, and the established baseline sensitivity could facilitate the monitoring and assessment of benzovindiflupyr resistance risk.

Efficient Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction by loading trace Pd nanoparticles onto copper-complex-derived Cu/C-700 solid support.

The development of efficient carbon-carbon cross-coupling catalysts with low noble metal amounts attracts much attention recently. Herein, a Cu/C-700/Pd nanocomposite is obtained by loading trace Pd2+ onto carbon support derived from a novel mononuclear copper complex, {[Cu(POP)2(Phen)2]BF4}. The as-prepared nanomaterial features the facial structure of highly dispersed copper phosphide nanoparticles as well as Pd nanoparticles via neighboring Cu-Pd sites. The Cu/C-700/Pd nanocomposite shows excellent catalytic activity (99.73%) and selectivity in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction, at trace Pd loading (0.43 mol%). Compared with the reported palladium nano catalysts, its advantages are proved. The appealing gateway to this stable, innovative and recyclability, Cu/C-700/Pd nanostructure recommends its beneficial utilization in carbon-carbon coupling and other environmentally friendly processes.

Enhancing the colorimetric detection of H2O2 and ascorbic acid on polypyrrole coated fluconazole-functionalized POMOFs.

A new fluconazole-functionalized polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework (POMOF) [Ag3(FKZ)2(H2O)2][H3SiW12O40] (AgFKZSiW12) was successfully constructed, and its polypyrrole (PPy) coated composite AgFKZSiW12@PPy was also obtained via a facile 'in situ' oxidation polymerization process. The peroxidase-like activity evaluation indicates that the maximized synergistic effect from the integration of PPy, SiW12 clusters, HFKZ drug molecules, and Ag ions deeply enhanced the overall performance. More importantly, AgFKZSiW12@PPy exhibits the fastest response time (30 s) among all the reported peroxidase mimics to date, including the pristine AgFKZSiW12 (2 min). Moreover, the AgFKZSiW12@PPy-based colorimetric biosensing platform towards H2O2 and ascorbic acid (AA) exhibits limits of detection (LOD) as low as 0.12 µM and 2.7 µM, respectively. This work reveals a promising prospect in medical diagnosis and biotechnology for colorimetric biosensor fabrication with high performance through the introduction of PPy.

Secondary spacer modulated assembly of polyoxometalate based metal-organic frameworks.

To investigate the influence of a secondary spacer on the resulting structures of POMOFs containing pytz, five new compounds with different dimensionalities, [Cu(5)(2-pytz)(6)(H(2)O)(4)][SiMo(12)O(40)]·3H(2)O (1), [Cu(3)(2-pytz)(4)bipy][H(2)SiMo(12)O(40)]·bipy (2), [Cu(3)(2-pytz)(2)(bipy)(4)(H(2)O)(6)][H(4)SiW(12)O(40)](2)·6H(2)O (3), [Cu(2)(2-pytz)(phen)(OH)](2)[SiW(12)O(40)]·H(2)O (4), [Cu(3)(4-pytz)(4)(H(2)O)(4)][H(2)SiW(12)O(40)]·2H(2)O (5), were synthesized. When only 2-pytz was employed, compound 1 with a 3D framework was obtained, whereas when the secondary spacers (4,4'-bipy, phen and 4-pytz) were introduced into the reaction system of 1, compounds 2-5 were obtained and exhibit a broad range of structures, including 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D frameworks. It can be observed from the architectures of compounds 1-5 that the secondary spacers have a great effect on the structures of the MOFs, which results in the formation of various dimensional POMOF compounds. Additionally, photocatalytic experiments of 1-5 for the photocatalytic degradation of RhB under UV irradiation were also investigated.